Category Archives: Capital Gains

Excessive Regulations and Overreaching Antitrust Actions are Top Risks

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Over 75% of CEOs Believe Government Policies Are Undermining American Free Enterprise, Cite Excessive Regulation and Overreaching Antitrust Actions as Top Risks ~ The Business Roundtable CEO Economic Outlook Index

This quarter, eighty-five percent (85%) of Business Roundtable CEOs plan for capital investment and expectations for sales are up by double digits from last quarter. Additionally, these CEOs’ plans for hiring ticked up modestly.

“This quarter’s survey results underscore the resiliency of the U.S. economy and suggest accelerating economic activity over the next six months,” said Business Roundtable Chair Chuck Robbins, Chair and Chief Executive Officer of Cisco. “To further strengthen the economy, the U.S. needs to double down on policies that spur domestic investment and bolster American competitiveness. The Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act is at the top of that list. The House passed this vital measure in an overwhelmingly bipartisan vote, and we strongly encourage the Senate to swiftly follow suit.”

Business Roundtable CEOs were asked whether they believe that current government administration policies are undermining American free enterprise. Over 75% of CEOs answered “yes.” Of those who answered in the affirmative, 92% of CEOs cited excessive regulation and 63% cited overreaching antitrust actions as policies by federal agencies are undermining or present a risk to the free enterprise system and the benefits it provides.

“A large majority of our CEOs are worried that excessive regulation and overreaching antitrust actions are eroding the foundation of free enterprise and the benefits it provides. We urge policymakers to recommit themselves to promoting economic growth, creating more American jobs and increasing economic mobility,” said Business Roundtable CEO Joshua Bolten.

References:

  1. https://www.businessroundtable.org/media/ceo-economic-outlook-index/ceo-economic-outlook-index-q1-2024

Taxing Unrealized Capital Gains

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For U.S. companies that report over US$1 billion in profits to shareholders, the Inflation Reduction Act implements a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT) based on book income.

A 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for a corporation whose financial statement income exceeds $1 billion was included in the Inflation Reduction Act in 2022.  Since the passage of the law, there has been uncertainty about whether corporations would owe taxes on paper profits, or unrealized capital gains, on stocks starting in 2022.

The new tax will require companies to compute two separate calculations for federal income tax purposes and pay the greater of the new minimum tax or their regular tax liability. To determine whether the new tax applies, companies must first ascertain whether their “average annual adjusted financial statement income” (AFSI) exceeds $1 billion for any three consecutive years preceding the tax year.

The historic tax treatment has long been that paper profits (or unrealized capital gains) created a deferred tax liability that is only paid when the stocks or assets are sold, and the profits realized.

Recent guidance from the Internal Revenue Service, while not definitive, suggests that paper profits on stocks could be subject to a 15% tax this year, according to New York tax expert Robert Willens. The issue involves the tax treatment of applicable financial statement income (AFSI), a measure of earnings.

“The IRS left open the question of whether ‘mark to market’ gains and losses should be disregarded when computing AFSI,” Willens wrote to Barron’s. “As of now, they are included in AFSI. The IRS solicited the comments of investors as to whether these gains and losses should be backed out of AFSI or whether they should remain in the tax base.”

The beauty of the previous tax rules is that a company could defer the taxes indefinitely on unrealized gains in long-held stocks, especially when the preferred holding period is “forever.”

Individuals can defer capital-gains taxes until the sale of assets and can often avoid taxes entirely if the assets are left in their estates, assuming the estates are below the current threshold for inheritance taxes.

There have been proposals floated in Congress from some lawmakers to tax unrealized gains held by individuals, but they haven’t gained traction.

References:

  1. https://www.barrons.com/articles/warren-buffett-berkshire-hathaway-tax-51673028329
  2. https://www.ey.com/en_gl/tax-alerts/us-inflation-reduction-act-includes-15-corporate-minimum-tax-on-income

Best Investment Advice by Brian Feroldi

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  1. Don’t sell too early. Let your winner run and experience the magic compound growth over the long term.
  2. Capital is precious and limited, buy high-quality, avoid garbage. Doing nothing is almost always the best investing strategy and tactic. Valuing and researching great companies is also extremely important.
  3. Sometimes, the best stock you can buy is the one you already own. Add to your winners and not your losers. Winners tend to keep on winning.
  4. Your biggest edges as a retail investor are focus, discipline and patience, don’t waste it.
  5. Get comfortable doing nothing. Doing nothing is almost always the best investing strategy and tactic. It’s really hard to get comfortable doing nothing, but you have to get comfortable doing nothing. Valuing and researching great companies is also extremely important.
  6. Know what metrics to look at, and when to look at them, and when to ignore them. Study the business cycle. Know what valuation metrics matter, when they matter and when they don’t.
  7. Personal finances come first. Make sure you have an emergency fund, because life happens.
  8. You’re going to be wrong a lot. Get comfortable with that. If you buy ten stocks, six will be losers, three will be market beaters and one will perform extraordinarily.
  9. Find an investing buddy, or rather don’t invest alone. Get involved in a good community of investors. Find like-minded people. The Internet makes that so much easier.
  10. Watch the business and not the market price of the stock. What really matter in the long-term is the company’s fundamentals.

References:

  1. https://www.fool.com/investing/2021/03/20/top-10-investing-lessons-for-our-younger-selves/

Taxing Unrealized Gains: A Politically Dum Ideal

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“Honestly, I [Mark Cuban] don’t think Elizabeth Warren knows that’s all what she’s talking about when she deals with this. I think she just likes to demonize people that are wealthy, and that’s fine, it’s a great political move for her, but I just don’t think that they really understand the implications of taxing unrealized gains.” ~ Mark Cuban

U.S. Senator Ron Wyden, D-Oregon., has proposed a so-called mark-to-market version of the capital gains tax. Put more simply, investors would pay capital gains taxes each and every year in which their assets go up in value, instead of only when they are sold.

Additionally, President Joe Biden wants to introduce a new tax that targets the wealthiest families in the country. It’s called the Billionaire Minimum Income Tax—except that it doesn’t only tax billionaires, it isn’t a minimum tax, and it’s not really a tax on “income” either. But it is a tax . . . so at least they got that part right!

A wealth tax would apply to assets traded in liquid markets, like stocks and bonds, and to illiquid assets like real estate, private companies and complex investments.

This tax on unrealized gains would be not only difficult to implement but also could devastate markets, especially liquid markets, where stocks, bonds and commodities trade.

The annual tax would also apply to illiquid investments like the value of a private company, real estate and other complex investments.

This means that every year, these assets need to be revalued to determine if their worth went up or down (you can write off the estimated loss if the value of the company, or real estate, if realized), but this means annual appraisals for essentially every investment you own.

Unrealized Capital Gains

Capital gains—which are profits (or potential profits) from an investment that goes up in value after you buy it—can either be realized or unrealized.

Unrealized capital gains show you how much your investment has increased in value before you sell it. Once you sell an investment for a profit, you now have realized capital gains.

The difference is that unrealized gains are only on paper—they’re not really real —while realized gains represent real money that’s in your pocket.

Whenever a stock or investment you own is worth more than what you bought it for, you can sell it for a profit—and those profits are called capital gains.

If you decide to hold on to the stock and not sell it, then what you have are unrealized capital gains. After all, you can’t just walk up to your grocery store cashier and pay for milk and eggs with your stock—no matter how much it’s worth on paper.

Problems With an Unrealized Capital Gains Tax

There are three significant reasons why any proposal to make this a reality probably won’t make it too far.  

1. A new unrealized capital gains tax would be a headache to enforce.

For a tax like this to work, thousands of taxpayers would need to evaluate the value of all of their assets every single year. That raises the question: How in the world would the IRS—which is already understaffed and overburdened as it is—be able to audit all those filings?3

2. The proposed tax probably doesn’t have enough support in Congress.

“wealth tax” proposals have hit a brick wall on Capital Hill every time it has been proposed. It doesn’t look like this one is any different.

It’s important to remember, Congress treats the release of the budget from the White House more like a list of suggestions than something that’s written in stone.

3. A tax on unrealized capital gains might be unconstitutional.

It may be ok legal to tax unrealized capital gains. The Constitution makes it extremely tough for the government to impose direct taxes. In fact, Congress had to pass a constitutional amendment just to put a federal income tax in place.6

Basically, any tax that is passed must be spread evenly among every person in every state. And a tax on unrealized capital gains could be considered a direct tax because it’s a tax on the personal property of a select group of people.

References:

  1. https://www.foxnews.com/media/mark-cuban-screw-you-elizabeth-warren-declares-her-everything-wrong-politics
  2. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/03/top-democrats-proposed-capital-gains-tax-would-be-devastating-for-markets.html
  3. https://www.ramseysolutions.com/taxes/unrealized-capital-gains-tax

Billionaire’s Income Tax

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“Some liberal lawmakers hope the “billionaire tax” will eventually be extended to millionaires.”

A ‘Billionaires Income Tax’ would be a fundamental change in how the tax system operates in the United States, and open up a new revenue stream for the Treasury. The wealth tax plan would “get at the wealth of the richest Americans that currently goes untaxed until assets are sold”, according to Roll Call.

The Senate has proposed a special new tax on the uber wealthy, think billionaires, that Democrats will use to help pay for their next big multi-trillion dollar ‘Build Back Better’ fiscal spending package. The proposed tax on the net worth of billionaires’ stock holdings, real estate and other assets could help Democrats accomplish goals of raising taxes on the wealthy and funding their pet social safety net and climate programs.

The Senate Finance Committee Chair wants to “begin requiring people with more than $1 billion in assets, or who earn more than $100 million in three consecutive years, to begin paying capital gains taxes each year on the appreciation in value of their assets, regardless of whether they are sold”, Politico reported.

The ‘billionaire tax’ plan would reportedly hit around 700 Americans and generate several hundred billion dollars in tax receipts. “We have a historic opportunity with the Billionaires Income Tax to restore fairness in our tax code, and fund critical investments in American families,” said Senate Finance Chair Ron Wyden (D-Ore.). “The Billionaires Income Tax would ensure billionaires pay tax each year, just like working Americans.”

The proposal, should it pass Congress and be signed into law by the President, would almost certainly be challenged in federal court on its constitutionality. The Constitution restricts so-called direct taxes, ‘a term referring to levies imposed directly on someone that can’t be shifted onto someone else’. There’s a big exception for income taxes, as a result of the 16th Amendment, which allows Congress to tax income and earnings. (All current taxes are either forms of income tax or levies on transactions).

The proposed plan would tax people on the appreciation of their publicly traded marketable securities. Effectively, the plan would tax billionaires’ assets on any gains or appreciation in value of those assets. For example, if that asset became worth $110, they’d only owe on the $10 gain. And, the proposal would begin by imposing a one-time tax on all the gains that had accrued before the tax had been created.

Stocks, bonds and other publicly traded assets, marketable securities, would be assessed the levy each year. Harder-to-value assets like real estate or ownership stakes in privately held businesses would not be taxed until they are sold, but would then face an interest charge designed to approximate the tax people would have faced if they had been publicly traded assets.

Capital losses

Under the proposal, a billionaire subject to the tax whose asset values take a dive during the year would have two options. They could choose to:

  • Carry those losses forward to offset potential future mark-to-market gains, or
  • Carry them back to a year within the previous three to generate refunds for taxes paid on unrealized gains.
  • Carrybacks could only offset prior mark-to-market tax, not taxes paid on other income.

    • Nevertheless, the plan would incentivize the wealthy to move into non-publicly traded assets in order to avoid having to pay the IRS. And if the billionaire wealth tax survives the certain court challenges under the current conservative Supreme Court, you can safely bet that many liberal leaning states will follow suit and implement their own version of a billionaire or millionaire wealth tax.

    This new billionaire tax on wealth, instead on income, is a tax that some liberals lawmakers hope will eventually be extended to include every millionaire in assets, regardless of actual net worth. However, Congress always seem able to devise work arounds to exclude their own financial assets and the assets of their big re-election campaign donors from these extremely regressive tax policies.

    Additionally, this proposal, if enacted into law, would dramatically impact compound growth of assets and, would have the unintended consequences of slowing job creation and capital investments in the U.S.

    Senator Mitt Romney (R-Utah) said that the billionaire tax will leave the rich thinking: “I don’t want to invest in the stock market, because as that goes up, I gotta get taxed. So maybe I will instead invest in a ranch or in paintings or things that don’t build jobs and create a stronger economy.”

    References:

    1. https://www.rollcall.com/2021/10/27/wyden-details-proposed-tax-on-billionaires-unrealized-gains/
    2. https://www.politico.com/news/2021/10/27/billionaires-income-tax-details-wyden-517318
    3. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/mitt-romney-says-a-billionaire-tax-will-push-the-rich-to-buy-paintings-or-ranches-instead-of-stocks-11635269305

    Best Investment Advice – Mark Cuban

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    “You can’t buy health and you can’t buy love.” Warren Buffett

    “The best investment you can make is paying off your credit cards, paying off whatever debt you have.” Mark Cuban

    Cuban lived for years on the budget of what he referred to as “a broke college student”, driving lousy cars, eating lousy food and saving, saving, saving. He believed that overspending can be an unnecessary cause of stress, and he advocates for living like a student if that’s all you can truly afford. “Your biggest enemies are your bills,” Cuban wrote. “The more you owe, the more you stress. The more you stress over bills, the more difficult it is to focus on your goals. The cheaper you can live, the greater your options.”

    A forward-thinking investor and notorious taker of calculated risks, he built his wealth slowly over time and he derived as much pleasure out of saving as he did spending.

    Here is top investing advice from Mark Cuban to builde wealth and achieve financial freedom:

    • Pay Off Debt, Then Invest – Paying off debt before you invest delivers the best returns for your money (capital). “The best investment you can make is paying off your credit cards, paying off whatever debt you have. If you have a student loan with a 7% interest rate, if you pay off that loan, you’re making 7%, that’s your immediate return, which is a lot safer than picking a stock, or trying to pick real estate, or whatever it may be,” Cuban said.
    • Never Invest To Get Out of Trouble – Just like you should never gamble if you absolutely have to win, the same rules apply to investing as a remedy for financial trouble. “If you are buying because you need the price to go up and solve a financial hole you are in, that is the EXACT WRONG time to trade,” Cuban commented. “And we all have to respect people who choose to sell because they need to. Bills don’t care what the market does. Get right and come back later.”
    • Don’t Invest In the Stock Market – Cuban disagrees with investors who think capitalism’s greatest wealth-generation machine is the stock market. “Put it in the bank. The idiots that tell you to put your money in the market because eventually it will go up need to tell you that because they are trying to sell you something. The stock market is probably the worst investment vehicle out there. If you won’t put your money in the bank, NEVER put your money in something where you don’t have an information advantage. Why invest your money in something because a broker told you to? If the broker had a clue, he/she wouldn’t be a broker, they would be on a beach somewhere.”
    • But If You Invest in the Stock Market, Buy an Index Fund – Avoid picking your own stocks or buying into expensive mutual funds — buy an index fund. “For those investors not too knowledgeable about markets, the best bet is a cheap S&P 500 fund,” according to Cuban.
    • Buy a Stock You Believe In and Hold on for Dear Life – Ignore short term volatility and market gyrations. “When I buy a stock, I make sure I know why I[‘m] buying it. Then I HODL until … I learn that something has changed,” using text-slang acronym for “hold on for dear life.”
    • Take Risks — But Play It Safe 90% of the Time – Without risk, there can be no reward, and the bigger the risk, the bigger the potential payout. Cuban suggests that investors to go for broke and swing for the fences — but only with a sliver of their investments. “If you’re a true adventurer and you really want to throw the hail Mary, you might take 10% and put it in Bitcoin or Ethereum, but if you do that, you’ve got to pretend you’ve already lost your money,” Cuban commented. “It’s like collecting art, it’s like collecting baseball cards, it’s like collecting shoes. It’s a flyer, but I’d limit it to 10%.”
    • If One of Those Risks Is Crypto, Stick With the Big Boys – If you’re considering jumping on the cryptocurrency bandwagon, you’d be wise to place your bets on the biggest names in the game because Cuban sees way too many similarities to 1999 for comfort. “Watching the cryptos trade, it’s exactly like the internet stock bubble. exactly. I think Bitcoin, Ethereum, a few others will be analogous to those that were built during the dot-com era, survived the bubble bursting and thrived, like AMZN, EBay, and Priceline. Many won’t,” commented Cuban
    • If You Don’t Understand an Investment, Walk Away –  Investing fundamentals dictates against investing in things you don’t understand. “If you don’t fully understand the risks of an investment you are contemplating, it’s okay to do nothing,” Cuban wrote. “No. 1 rule of investing: When you don’t know what to do, do nothing.” Always invest in what you know.
    • Knowledge Is the Best Investment – The best way to avoid investing in something you don’t understand is to understand whatever you’re invested in. “At MicroSolutions it, “knowledge advantage”. gave me a huge advantage. A guy with little computer background could compete with far more experienced guys just because I put in the time to learn all I could. I read every book and magazine I could. Heck, three bucks for a magazine, 20 bucks for a book. One good idea that led to a customer or solution paid for itself many times over.”

    You must be able to earn, save, and manage your spending, then you can start investing and building wealth.

    Cuban was influenced by a book called “Cashing in on the American Dream: How to Retire by the Age of 35.”“The whole premise of the book [Cashing in on the American Dream] was if you could save up to $1 million and live like a student, you could retire” Cuban said. “But you would have to have the discipline of saving and how you spent your money once you got there. I did things like have five roommates and live off of macaroni and cheese and really was very, very frugal. I had the worst possible car.”

    1. https://www.gobankingrates.com/money/wealth/millionaire-money-rules/
    2. https://www.gobankingrates.com/investing/strategy/mark-cubans-top-investing-advice

    Tax Planning

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    “It may feel good at tax time to get a refund, but remember that the money you’re getting back is money you loaned the government at no interest.”

    Benjamin Franklin famously said, “nothing is certain but death and taxes.” Skip filing your taxes, and the tax agents will come calling. And when they do, you’ll likely face penalties and interest — and even lose your chance to receive a tax refund.

    Unless your income is below a certain level, you will have to file federal income tax returns and pay taxes each year. Therefore, it’s important to understand your obligations and the way in which taxes are calculated.

    Every year, everyone who makes money in the U.S. must fill out a prior calendar year tax return and file it with the IRS by April 15th. The process inspires dread among anyone who performs this task without the help of an accountant. The forms are complicated, and the definitions of terms like “dependent” and “exemption” can be difficult to understand.

    Tax Basics and Taxable Income

    There are two types of income subject to taxation: earned income and unearned income. Earned income includes:

    • Salary
    • Wages
    • Tips
    • Commissions
    • Bonuses
    • Unemployment benefits
    • Sick pay
    • Some noncash fringe benefits

    Taxable unearned income includes:

    • Interest
    • Dividends
    • Profit from the sale of assets
    • Business and farm income
    • Rents
    • Royalties
    • Gambling winnings
    • Alimony

    It is possible to reduce taxable income by contributing to a retirement account like a 401(k) or an IRA.

    A person can exclude some income from taxation by using a standard deduction amount determined by the government and a person’s filing status or by itemizing certain types of expenses. Allowable itemized expenses include mortgage interest, state and local taxes, charitable contributions, and medical expenses.

    Anyone can make an honest mistake with regard to taxes, but the IRS can be quite strict. And since everyone’s tax situation is a little different, you may have questions.

    Allowed Deductions – Deductions and Tax Exemptions

    The IRS offers Americans a variety of tax credits and deductions that can legally reduce how much you’ll owe. All Americans should know what deductions and credits they’re eligible for — not knowing is like leaving money on the table.

    Most people take the standard deduction available to them when filing taxes to avoid providing proof of all of the purchases they’ve made throughout the year. Besides, itemized deductions often don’t add up to more than the standard deduction.

    But if you’ve made substantial payments for mortgage interest, property taxes, medical expenses, local and state taxes or have made major charitable contributions, it could be worth it to take this step. These tax deductions are subtracted from your adjusted gross income, which reduces your taxable income.

    The government allows the deduction of some types of expenses from a person’s adjusted gross income, or gross income minus adjustments. A person can exclude some income from taxation by using a standard deduction amount determined by the government and a person’s filing status or by itemizing certain types of expenses. Allowable itemized expenses include mortgage interest, a capped amount of state and local taxes, charitable contributions, and medical expenses.

    Depending on who you are and what you do, you may be eligible for any number of tax deductions and exemptions to reduce your taxable income. At the end of the day, these could have a significant impact on your tax exposure. Starting with the standard deduction, the links below will help you determine how to shrink your income — for tax purposes, of course.

    Common Tax Credits

    Tax credits are also another way to reduce your tax exposure and possibly obtain a tax refund when the dust settles. Many people don’t realize that a tax credit is the equivalent of free money. Tax deductions reduce the amount of taxable income you can claim, and tax credits reduce the tax you owe and, in many cases, result in a nice refund.

    The IRS offers a large number of tax credits that encompass everything from buying energy-efficient products for your home to health insurance premium payments to being in a low- to moderate-income household. The key to benefiting from these credits is examining all of the purchases you’ve made throughout the year to see if you are owed money.

    There are 17 tax credits for individuals you can take advantage of in five categories:

    • Education credits
    • Family tax credits
    • Healthcare credits
    • Homeownership and real estate credits
    • Income and savings credits

    Taxes: What to Pay and When

    Most Americans don’t look forward to tax season. But the refund that a majority of taxpayers get can make the tedious process of tax filing worth the effort.

    When you’re an employee, it’s your employer’s responsibility to withhold federal, state, and any local income taxes and send that withholding to the IRS, state, and locality. Those payments to the IRS are your prepayments on your expected tax liability when you file your tax return. Your Form W-2 has the withholding information for the year.

    The U.S. has a pay-as-you-go taxation system. Just as income tax is withheld from employees every pay period and sent to the IRS, the estimated tax paid quarterly helps the government maintain a reliable schedule of income. It also protects you from having to cough up all the dough at once.

    When you file, if you prepaid more than you owe, you get some back. If you prepaid too little, you have to make up the difference and pay more. And, if you’re like most wage earners, you get a nice refund at tax time.

    But if you are self-employed, or if you have income other than your salary, you may need to pay estimated taxes each quarter to square your tax bill with Uncle Sam. You may owe estimated taxes if you receive income that isn’t subject to withholding, such as:

    • Interest income
    • Dividends
    • Gains from sales of stock or other assets
    • Earnings from a business
    • Alimony that is taxable

    So, it’s important to remember that taxes are a pay-as-you-go. This means that you need to pay most of your tax during the year, as you receive income, rather than paying at the end of the year.

    There are two ways to pay tax:

    • Withholding from your pay, your pension or certain government payments, such as Social Security.
    • Making quarterly estimated tax payments during the year.

    This will help you avoid a surprise tax bill when you file your return. If you want to avoid a large tax bill, you may need to change your withholding. Changes in your life, such as marriage, divorce, working a second job, running a side business or receiving any other income without withholding can affect the amount of tax you owe.

    And if you work as an employee, you don’t have to make estimated tax payments if you have more tax withheld from your paycheck. This may be an option if you also have a side job or a part-time business.

    It may feel good at tax time to get a refund, but remember that the money you’re getting back is money you loaned the government at no interest.

    References:

    1. https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/taxes/tax-planning
    2. https://www.findlaw.com/tax/federal-taxes/filing-taxes.html
    3. https://www.findlaw.com/tax/federal-taxes/tax-basics-a-beginners-guide-to-taxes.html
    4. https://turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tips/small-business-taxes/estimated-taxes-how-to-determine-what-to-pay-and-when/L3OPIbJNw
    5. https://www.moneycrashers.com/paying-estimated-tax-payments-online-irs
    6. https://www.irs.gov/payments/pay-as-you-go-so-you-wont-owe-a-guide-to-withholding-estimated-taxes-and-ways-to-avoid-the-estimated-tax-penalty

    Meme Stock Risks

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    “There’s a problem with the memes (a stock that has gone viral online, drawing the attention of retail investors) because the people who are investing will lose a very substantial amount of money.” Thomas Peterffy

    Definition:  A meme stock is a stock that has seen an increase in volume not because of the company’s performance, but rather because of hype on social media and online forums like Reddit. For this reason, these stocks often become overvalued, seeing drastic price increases in just a short amount of time.

    The big problem with the so-called “meme”stock, which are assets powered higher on social-media sentiment and not on fundamentals, is that inexperienced investors will be saddled with real losses when stocks like AMC Entertainment Holdings (AMC), and GameStop Corp. (GME), eventually come back down to Earth.

    The escalation in the values of these companies, like AMC and GameStop, don’t align with their prospects for earnings or revenue in the near or midterm.“There’s a problem with the “memes” because the people who are investing will lose a very substantial amount of money,” Thomas Peterffy, founder and chairman of Interactive Brokers Group Inc., said.

    Peterffy said that the good thing about the surge in memes is that it will likely bring more young investor into the fold, but they will likely learn a hard lesson in the process.

    Selling Short and short squeeze

    Selling short means investors are betting that the asset will fall in value. The investments in AMC and GameStop originally started out as organized short-squeezes by a cadre of individual investors who had identified that a number of companies were heavily shorted by hedge funds, according to MarketWatch. These individual investors surmised, correctly, that those stocks could be pressured higher if enough buyers collectively swooped in.

    A short squeeze is when many investors looking to cover short positions start buying at the same time. The buying pushes the share price higher, making short investors accelerate their attempts to cover, which sends the shares spiraling higher in a frenzy.

    Short sellers, who bet a stock will fall, provide potential fuel for stock rallies when they’re wrong. If the stock jumps, instead of falling, the short sellers are forced to buy the stock to stop their losses from growing.

    Lesson learned

    Trying to identify a fundamental narrative that can justify meme stocks’ price and market cap are admittedly difficult. Still, it is an exercise that might provide some insights for meme stock investors. Essentially, when the music stops for the meme stocks like AMC and GameStop, investors could be looking at big capital losses.

    References:

    1. https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-meme-stock-5118074
    2. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/interactive-brokers-founder-says-problem-with-amc-entertainment-memes-peoplewill-lose-a-very-substantial-amount-of-money-11622836260
    3. https://www.investors.com/etfs-and-funds/sectors/amc-stock-rally-here-are-the-14-most-shorted-stocks-now-sp500/
    4. https://www.marketwatch.com/articles/buy-sell-amc-stock-51622844305

    Tax on the Sale of a House (Primary Residence)

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    If you sell your home for a profit, some of the capital gain could be taxable. Capital gains are the profits from the sale of an asset — shares of stock, a piece of land, a business — and generally are considered taxable income.

    The IRS and many states assess capital gains taxes on the difference (profit) between what you pay for an asset — your cost basis — and what you sell it for. Capital gains taxes can apply to investments, such as stocks or bonds, and tangible assets like cars, boats and real estate.

    To minimize your tax burden, the IRS typically allows you to exclude up to:

    • $250,000 of capital gains on your primary residence if you’re single.
    • $500,000 of capital gains on real estate if you’re married and filing jointly.

    You will have to meet certain criteria in order to qualify for this exclusion, so be sure to review them before you sell. You might qualify for an exception, and adding the value of home improvements you’ve made could help.

    For example, if you bought a home 10 years ago for $200,000 and sold it today for $800,000, you’d make $600,000. If you’re married and filing jointly, $500,000 of that gain might not be subject to the capital gains tax (but $100,000 of the gain could be), according to NerdWallet.com. What rate you pay on the other $100,000 would depend in part on your income and your tax-filing status.

    The bad news about capital gains on real estate is that your $250,000 or $500,000 exclusion typically goes out the window, which means you pay tax on the whole gain, if any of these factors are true:

    • The house wasn’t your principal residence.
    • You owned the property for less than two years in the five-year period before you sold it.
    • You didn’t live in the house for at least two years in the five-year period before you sold it. (People who are disabled, and people in the military, Foreign Service or intelligence community can get a break on this part, though; see IRS Publication 523 for details.)
    • You already claimed the $250,000 or $500,000 exclusion on another home in the two-year period before the sale of this home.
    • You bought the house through a like-kind exchange (basically swapping one investment property for another, also known as a 1031 exchange) in the past five years.
    • You are subject to expatriate tax.

    If it turns out that all or part of the money you made on the sale of your house is taxable, you need to figure out what capital gains tax rate applies.

    • Short-term capital gains tax rates typically apply if you owned the asset for less than a year. The rate is equal to your ordinary income tax rate, also known as your tax bracket.
    • Long-term capital gains tax rates typically apply if you owned the asset for more than a year. The rates are much less onerous; many people qualify for a 0% tax rate. Everybody else pays either 15% or 20%. It depends on your filing status and income.

    References:

    1. https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/taxes/selling-home-capital-gains-tax