Jackie Robinson, the six-time Major League Baseball (MLB) All-Star and Hall of Famer, wasn’t just a pioneering athlete. His effort—and sacrifice—launched a cascade of human and civil rights advances.

Seventy-five years ago when Jackie Roosevelt Robinson started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947, he broke major league baseball’s six-decade-long color barrier, which not only made him an icon to those fighting for racial equality, but he was also a target for those who sought to fight against it. Jackie’s poise and strength—both on and off the field—are why he is honored today. He signaled to America that African Americans would no longer remain quiet and accept second-class citizenship status. 

“His courage and bravery played a major role in the history of integration, both on the field and throughout American society,” wrote Harvard historian Henry Louis Gates, “and no history of the civil rights movement would be complete without noting Robinson’s major role.” 

“Jackie Robinson gave all of us—not only black athletes, but every black person in this country—a sense of our own strength,” wrote MLB Hall of Famer Hank Aaron in his introduction to Robinson’s autobiography ‘I Never Had It Made’. 

Robinson’s strength was not only as a gifted athlete and fierce competitor who earned Rookie of the Year, MVP and six-time All-Star status. His strength manifested itself as dogged perseverance in the face of a tidal wave of racism—from daily taunts and threats to broad institutional inequities.

Robinson’s athletic brilliance and contributions to history earned him the Presidential Medal of Freedom and resulted in Major League Baseball retiring his number “42” in 1997—a first for any athlete, in any sport. 

Shortly before Robinson’s induction into MLB Hall of Fame ceremony, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. paid tribute to Robinson’s pioneering achievements this way: “Back in the days when integration wasn’t fashionable, he underwent the trauma and the humiliation and the loneliness that comes with being a pilgrim walking the lonesome byways toward the high road of Freedom. He was a sit-inner before sit-ins, a freedom rider before freedom rides.” 

U.S. Army

After receiving his military draft notice in March 1943, Army recruit Robinson reported to Fort Riley, Kansas for basic training. After racism initially barred him and other Black recruits from Officer Candidate School—despite their clear eligibility—they were eventually accepted.

But his time in the segregated U.S. Army would prove deeply frustrating. It ended not long after an incident near Fort Hood, Texas. In 1944, he was riding in a U.S. Army bus with the wife of a fellow Black officer. The driver, believing the light-skinned woman to be white, ordered Robinson to the back of the bus. Robinson, noting the fact that U.S. Army buses were not segregated, refused. The driver backed down, but called Military Police after the ride. Robinson was taken into custody and eventually court-martialed for disrespecting and disobeying a superior officer, disturbing the peace and drunkenness (although he neither drank nor smoked). He fought back and, despite false witness statements stacking the deck against him, he was eventually acquitted of all charges and received an honorable discharge in 1944, having reached the rank of second lieutenant.

Jackie Robinson Day

Beginning in 2007, players across the MLB started wearing Robinson’s No. 42 every April 15 in observance of Jackie Robinson Day, a tradition that continues.

Every April 15, Major League Baseball goes to great lengths to honor Jackie Robinson on the anniversary of the day, now 75 years ago, when he broke the sport’s color barrier.

His legacy is wide-ranging and everlasting. https://t.co/5FOqMbo2a1

— The Washington Post (@washingtonpost) April 15, 2022

References:

1. https://www.history.com/news/jackie-robinson-life-baseball-pictures
2. https://www.history.com/news/jackie-robinson-color-barrier-baseball